Image explanation. The image includes an alchemical symbol used to represent the element. In the background are drawings of ancient chemistry apparatus.
Bismuth is a high-density, silvery, pink-tinged metal. Bismuth metal is brittle and so it is usually mixed with other metals to make it useful. Its alloys with tin or cadmium have low melting points and are used in fire detectors and extinguishers, electric fuses and solders. Bismuth oxide is used as a yellow pigment for cosmetics and paints, while bismuth III chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly effect to cosmetics.
Biological role. Bismuth has no known biological role, and is non-toxic. Natural abundance. Bismuth occurs as the native metal, and in ores such as bismuthinite and bismite. The major commercial source of bismuth is as a by-product of refining lead, copper, tin, silver and gold ores. Help text not available for this section currently. Elements and Periodic Table History. Bismuth was discovered by an unknown alchemist around AD.
Later that century it was alloyed with lead to make cast type for printers and decorated caskets were being crafted in the metal. Bismuth was often confused with lead; it was likewise a heavy metal and melted at a relatively low temperature making it easy to work. Bismuth was not mined as ore but appears to have occurred as the native metal. Atomic data. Glossary Common oxidation states The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom.
Oxidation states and isotopes. Glossary Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. Relative supply risk An integrated supply risk index from 1 very low risk to 10 very high risk.
Recycling rate The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. Substitutability The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Reserve distribution The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. Political stability of top producer A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators.
Political stability of top reserve holder A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Supply risk. Relative supply risk 9 Crustal abundance ppm 0. Young's modulus A measure of the stiffness of a substance. Shear modulus A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Bulk modulus A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. Vapour pressure A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate.
Pressure and temperature data — advanced. Listen to Bismuth Podcast Transcript :. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World , the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
This time we're turning to the tale of the element that held the key to masking a sun tan, provided engineers with safety valves for their boilers, could make spoons vanish in a hot cup of Victorian tea and continues to cure stomach upsets today. With the story of this remarkable metal, here is Andrea Sella. Bismuth, A few months ago I was struck by a mad but irresistible impulse to cast a bell. A friend of mine lent me a template and I headed out to Tiranti, one of the best sculpting supply shops in London.
With an inviting blue entrance, the shelves are cramped with bottles and tins of resins, polymers and initiators. There are tubs of clay anatomical models, trays of weird implements and books that explain how to make silicon moulds of your extremities.
I explained to the young woman behind the counter what I wanted to do and she took me to the silicon resin section where she selected some bottles. I was about to pay for my goodies when my eye was drawn to the next shelf. Stacked in neat piles were clear plastic bags of shiny metal slabs. I picked up a pack and was immediately struck by the weight.
Bismuth, the woman said, it casts really well and it's a lot less toxic than lead. I left the shop with a bag of that as well. Bismuth is without doubt a heavy metal; It occurs so low in the periodic table many were puzzled by the fact that it didn't seem radioactive. In fact its major isotope bismuth was predicted to be so back in But it wasn't until 55 years later, when the French physicists finally observed its decay.
It has a half of life of 2x10 19 years, I would round off as the same as eternity so. The density of the metal is 9.
It can melt quite easily and it can grow stunning little ziggurat like crystals by cooling it slowly from melt. It is easy. Heat some bismuth in an iron ladle or porcelain bowl using a sand bath and a Bunsen burner until it melts.
This happens at just degree Celsius. Then turn off the burner so that the metal cools very slowly and when the metal freezes over at the top poke two holes in the solid surface and then pour out the remaining liquid and then leave everything to cool at room temperature.
If you now break open the metal mass you will find gorgeous stepped cubes of bismuth with a faintly pink iridescent sheen to them, a colour which arises from the thin layer of oxide that coats the metal.
Just be careful, the metal is quite brittle and your precious cubes will shatter if dropped. Bismuth itself is not very reactive; it is sometime found in ore deposits as the native metal. But surprisingly there is little evidence that it was known to the ancients. Aristotle doesn't list it among his seven metals and Pliny is silent on the matter.
Only the Incas seem to be aware of it. Reliable description of bismuth only appeared in Europe in the 15 th Century. It began to be mined in Schneeberg around and the metal soon started to be used as a kind of silvery ink or pigment which gave rise to a craze called Wismuth Malerei, bismuth painting. Painters in Italy including Raphael used both bismuth metal and bismuthinite, bismuth trisulphide in their work.
But what was it the alchemist Basil Valentine rather confused things by calling it Wismut, White lead. Eventually however the mists cleared. And by early 19 th century, John Dalton listed it amongst his atomic symbols as a circle around a capital letter B. Only then was its chemistry systematically explored particularly by the Swedish chemist Berzelius. For example if you dissolved bismuth in nitric acid and then poured the solution into water a brilliant white flaky material precipitates, Pearl white, the basic nitrate which from the 18 th century was used in cosmetics to whiten the complexion, anything not to look like someone who worked in the sun.
French druggist called it blanc de Perle. It had one disadvantage, however. In polluted cities, it had a tendency to pick up sulphur from the air turning the wear a rather bizarre browner shade. But because of its basic properties, the nitrate began to be given for upset stomachs often when mixed with milk of magnesia. Eventually this was superseded by its complex with salicylic acid, that pink sloth called pepto-bismol, a clever combination of a weak inorganic base and an organic anti inflammatory.
But bismuth's role in metallurgy has us always intrigued. It has been used extensively to make low melting alloys being added to pewter, the alloy of lead and tin to adjust its melting point or to antimony to make type metal, once used in printing presses. Alloys containing bismuth were used for safety valves and boilers, melting if the temperature rose too high and a classic prank invented in Victorian times was to cast spoons from an alloy containing 8 parts bismuth, 5 parts lead and 3 parts tin.
All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the space groups distinct types, or if chiral copies are considered distinct. Shell Structure of Bismuth - Electrons per energy level. The portion of Bismuth configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Xe]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used.
This is important as it is the Valence electrons 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element. Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Bismuth atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration. Bismuth is Conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Bismuth.
Isotopes of rhodium. Naturally occurring Bismuth has 1 stable isotope - None. List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases. Explore our interactive periodic table Periodic Table Element Comparison. Pregnancy Tools Baby Name Finder. Worksheets Worksheets for Kids. Bismuth Element 83 of Periodic table is Bismuth with atomic number 83, atomic weight Neighborhood How to Locate Bismuth on Periodic Table Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons.
Unit Cell Parameters The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants a , b and c a b c Periodic Table Element Comparison. List of Elements 1 H - Hydrogen. Atomic Number. Atomic Symbol. Atomic Weight. Group in Periodic Table. Period in Periodic Table. Block in Periodic Table. Electronic Configuration. Melting Point. Boiling Point.
CAS Number. Abundance in Universe. Large doses can be fatal. Industrially it is considered one of the less toxic of the heavy metals. Serious and sometimes fatal poisoning may occur from the injection of large doses into closed cavities and from extensive application to burns in form of soluble bismuth compounds. It is stated that the administration of bismuth should be stopped when gingivitis appears, for otherwise serious ulceration stomatitis is likely to result.
Other toxic results may develop, such as vague feeling of bodily discomfort, presence of albumin or other protein substance in the urine, diarrhea, skin reactions and sometimes serious exodermatitis. May be a nuisance dust causing respiratory irritation. May cause foul breath, metallic taste and gingivitis. May cause nausea, loss of appetite and weight, malaise, albuminuria, diarrhea, skin reactions, stomatitis, headache, fever, sleeplessness, depression, rheumatic pain and a black line may form on gums in the mouth due to deposition of bismuth sulphide.
Skin: May cause irritation. Eyes: May cause irritation. Ingestion: May affect the function of the liver and the kidneys. May cause anemia, black line may form on gums and ulcerative stomatitis. Skin: May cause dermatitis. Eyes: No chronic health effects recorded. Medical conditions generally aggravated by the exposure: Pre-existing skin and respiratory disorders. Bismuth metal is not considered toxic and poses minimum threat to the environment.
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